Приведенное сочинение по английскому на тему экологические проблемы показывает основные проблемы экологии современного мира. Знакомит читателя с научной лексикой. Подходит для учеников 8-9 классов общеобразовательной школы, а также для тех, кто учит язык на уровне “Pre-Intermediate”. Текст будет хорошим пособием для устных и письменных заданий - пересказ, ответ на вопросы, выписывание незнакомых слов.

Topic "Ecological problems"

The word “Ecology” comes from the Greek language and means “the study of the the place we live in”. So, there is no person on Earth who is not affected by ecological problems. For example, air polluted by plants will travel for a long distance with wind, the heavy particles will get into rivers and seas.

Pollution of the sea is the most dangerous. The regions that are most loaded with sea traffic are very dirty. For example, the Baltic sea is the dirtiest zone on the planet. The radioactive leak at Fukushima, Japan has led to the death of many fishes and other aquatic beings.

The cutout of forests, contamination of the seas and intense burning of coal has shifted the balance of the oxygen, ozone and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, making the ozone “shield” of the planet thinner. It results in global climate changes. Debates are still being held whether the “Global warming” is real, but every year there comes another evidence of the warming - the ice mounts melt at the poles, raising the global sea level.

You, of course, may say that you can’t affect the production of plants and factories much. But there is also the ecology of your home and your workplace. You shouldn’t pour dangerous chemicals to the ground - it will “die”, become infertile. Do not throw away batteries - send them to the recycling center. There are often special containers for batteries in major malls. Generally, do not waste resources - like take a shower, not a bath, turn down the water when you brush your teeth. Turn off electric devices that you do not use. Take care of the health of your environment.

Топик "Экологические проблемы"

Слово “Экология” происходит из греческого языка и означает “наука о месте, в котором мы живем”. То есть, на Земле нет ни одного человека, которого бы не затрагивали проблемы экологии. Например, воздух, загрязненный заводами, пройдет большую дистанцию с ветром, а тяжелые частички попадут в реки и моря.

Загрязнение моря - наиболее опасно. Регионы, которые наиболее загружены потоком морских судов, очень грязны. Например, Балтийское море - самая грязная зона на планете. Утечка радиации в Фукусиме, Япония, привела к гибели многих рыб и других обитателей моря.

Вырубка лесов, загрязнение морей и интенсивное сжигание угля сдвинуло баланс кислорода, озона и углекислого газа в атмосфере, сделав озоновый “щит” планеты тоньше. Это приводит к глобальным изменениям климата. Все еще ведутся дебаты, реально ли “Глобальное потепление”, но каждый год находятся новые свидетельства потепления - тают ледяные горы на полюсах, повышается глобальный уровень моря.

Вы, конечно, можете сказать, что не в силах повлиять на производство заводов и фабрик. Но есть также экология вашего дома и вашего места работы. Не выливайте на землю опасные химикаты - она “умрет”, станет неплодородной. Не выбрасывайте батарейки - отправьте их в центр переработки. Часто в больших супермаркетах есть специальные контейнеры для батареек. В общем, не растрачивайте ресурсы, - например, принимайте душ, а не ванну, выключайте воду пока чистите зубы. Выключайте приборы, которыми не пользуетесь. Заботьтесь о здоровье окружающей вас среды.

The consequences of the scientific and technological revolution that has occurred in the middle of the twentieth century continue to affect the way of life of people around the world and the force of impact has been increasing from year to year. As a result of the desire of mankind to facilitate work, automate production processes and create more comfortable living conditions, entirely new problems of a global scale have appeared.The increase of the production processes efficiency by means of various machines allowed to expand commodity production and to facilitate the work of man, but at the same time, the unemployment level has increased, and the crisis of overproduction has intensified. Annually the number of unemployed people is growing around the world, almost in every European country the unemployment rate varies from 10 to 20%. This global problem is also a consequence of overpopulation of the planet.Production workshops that work to create new gadgets, tools, devices, equipment, which are designed to create more comfortable living conditions, brings the state of the planet"s ecological system to a critical point. In the near future, scientists predict an increase in major natural disasters connected with the changing climatic conditions on a global scale.

However, the most important problem remains the disposal of liquid and solid waste, radioactive substances. If all states do not begin to introduce and tighten new laws on environmental protection, soon there will be nothing to save. Meanwhile, overpopulation of the planet does not help improve the situation. Resources of the globe are calculated by no more than 10 billion people, the number of people exceeded the 7.5 billion mark as for 2017. But such a state of things can be an impetus to even greater progress in science and to bring closer such an inevitable event as the colonization of another planet.

Concerning the prospects of the planet Earth and its inhabitants, if in the near future mankind does not pay attention to the acute problems of the present, the world expects global ecological and economic catastrophes.

Перевод

Последствия научно-технической революции, которая произошла в середине двадцатого века, продолжают воздействовать на уклад жизни людей по всему миру и сила воздействия с каждым годом увеличивается. В результате стремления человечества к облегчению труда, автоматизации производственных процессов и созданию более комфортных условий жизни, появились совершенно новые проблемы глобального масштаба.

Увеличение эффективности производственных процессов при помощи различных машин позволило расширить товарное производство и облегчить труд человека, но вместе с тем увеличился уровень безработицы и углубился кризис перепроизводства. Ежегодно число безработных людей растет по всему миру, почти в каждой европейской стране процент безработицы колеблется от 10 до 20%. Эта глобальная проблема является также следствием перенаселения планеты.

Производственные цеха, работающие на создание новых гаджетов, инструментов, приспособлений, оборудования, предназначенных для улучшения комфортных бытовых условий, подводит состояние экологической системы планеты к критической точке. В ближайшем будущем ученые прогнозируют учащение крупных природных катаклизмов, связанных с изменением климатических условий в общемировом масштабе.

Однако наиболее важной проблемой остается утилизация жидких и твердых отходов, радиоактивных веществ. Если все государства не начнут внедрять и ужесточать новые законы о защите окружающей среды, вскоре спасать будет нечего.

Тем временем, перенаселение планеты не способствует улучшению ситуации. Ресурсы земного шара рассчитаны не более чем на 10 миллиардов человек, по данным за 2017 год число людей превысило отметку в 7.5 миллиардов. Но такое положение вещей может стать толчком к еще большему прогрессу в науке и приблизить такое неизбежное событие как колонизация другой планеты.

Global Problems of Today
People have lived on our planet Earth for centuries and global problems have always existed. In ancient times the biggest global problem was wars. People have been fighting with each other since the beginning of the civilisation mostly to get new territories and more land. Later, fighting the distance was another global problem, too, before the discovery of the plane. Today, there are more global problems which can be divided into two categories: ecological problems and social, eco¬nomic and political issues.
The first category includes issues relating to ecological destruction, pollution and global warming as the result. The climate is changing and many people agree that climate change may be one of the greatest threats facing the planet. Many people think that a rise in temperature of about three or four degrees is not very much, but the effects are worse than it seems at first sight. Global warming has already killed off some types of animals and plants. There have been more and more heat waves in the summer, with many people dying in big cities. Rising sea levels are threatening whole nations on low-lying islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans.
The second category of global problems deals with social, economic and political issues. They include global terrorism, poverty, human rights, health issues, racism and many others.
We are faced with the problem of global terrorism and more and more countries are suffering from it. It is difficult to catch terrorists and prevent their acts. The most terrible terrorist attack took place on September 11, 2001 in the USA. The World Trade Centre, the pride of all Americans and one of the symbols of New York City, was destroyed completely and thousands of people died. The world was shocked and most countries decided to fight against terrorism. However, new terrorist attacks have been committed. Many innocent people still get killed and nobody can stop terrorists.
Poverty is another global problem. It may seem surprising, but most of humanity lives on just a few dollars a day now. The worst situation is in Africa where people (mostly children) die every day of hunger because they have nothing to eat. The poor also have less access to health, education and other services. Problems of hunger, malnutrition and diseases affect the poorest in society.
Another global problem is racism, when people of different races and different skin colour are humiliated and even killed. There are many organisations that fight social global problems, but this battle has lasted for a long time and it will take much time for the solution of all of them.
We live in the 21st century and humanity has made a great progress in technology, so I think that it is strange that we still have global problems, especially the ones that deal with social, economic and political issues. I am sure that they can be solved completely without any conflicts or wars.

ПЛАН-ОТВЕТ. GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF TODAY
1. Вступление по теме (People have lived on our planet Earth for centuries and global problems have always existed. In ancient times the biggest global problem was wars. People have been fighting with each other since the beginning of the civilisation mostly to get new territories and more land. Later, fighting the distance was another global problem, too, before the discovery of the plane.).
2. Рассказать о двух группах глобальных проблем и о каждой в отдельности (two categories; ecological problems: ecological destruction, pollution and global warming; climate change; killed off some types of animals and plants; heat waves in the summer; many people dying in big cities; rising sea levels; social, economic and political issues: global terrorism, poverty, human rights, health issues, racism; terrorists, most terrible terrorist attack, fight against terrorism, new terrorist attacks, innocent people; poverty, Africa, die of hunger, less access to health, education and other services; racism, humiliated and killed, organisations, fight social global problems).
3. Заключение (We live in the 21st century and humanity has made a great progress in technology, so I think that it is strange that we still have global problems, especially the ones that deal with social, economic and political issues. I am sure that they can be solved completely without any conflicts or wars.).

QUESTIONS
1. What global problems were there in the past?
2. What are the two categories of global problems now?
3. What does the first category include?
4. Why is global warming considered a global problem?
5. How does it affect nature?
6. What global problems does the second category include?
7. Why is terrorism a global problem?
8. Is poverty a big issue nowadays? Why?
9. What is racism and why is it a global problem?
10. What other global problems can you mention?
11. In what way can we fight global problems?
12. What global problem do you think is the biggest one? Why?

USEFUL WORDS AND PHRASES
Problems Проблемы
climate change изменение климата
diseases болезни
ecological экологические
economic экономические
educational образовательные
environmental связанные с окружающей средой
financial crisis финансовый кризис
global глобальные
global warming глобальное потепление
health здравоохранение
hunger голод
malnutrition недоедание
political политические
pollution загрязнение
poverty бедность
racism расизм
social социальные
technological технологические
terrorism терроризм

- (от лат. globus шар) главные, ключевые проблемы, отрешения которых зависит само су­ществование, сохранение и развитие цивилизации. Отличительная черта современной цивилизации нарастание гло­бальных угроз и проблем. Речь идет об угрозе… … Политология. Словарь.

Совокупность проблем человечества, от решения которых зависит социальный прогресс и сохранение цивилизации: предотвращение мировой термоядерной войны и обеспечение мирных условий для развития всех народов; преодоление разрыва в экономическом… … Энциклопедия культурологии

- (фр. global всеобщий, лат. globus шар) проблемы, которые затрагивают жизненно важные интересы всего человечества, всех государств и народов, каждого жителя планеты; выступают в качестве объективного фактора развития современной цивилизации;… … Политология: словарь-справочник

Глобальные проблемы современности - проблемы, затрагивающие интересы всего человечества и требующие для своего решения согласованных международных действий в масштабах мирового сообщества. Выделяются два больших комплекса таких проблем: проблемы преобразования международных… … Научный коммунизм: Словарь

ГЛОБАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ СОВРЕМЕННОСТИ - проблемное поле, отражающее совокупность жизненно важных проблем человечества и содержащее обобщенную характеристику важнейших направлений развития общества и его будущего. К числу Г.П.С. относятся следующие их группы: политические, социальные,… … Социология: Энциклопедия

Глобальные проблемы - современности это совокупность социоприродных проблем, от решения которых зависит социальный прогресс человечества и сохранение цивилизации. Эти проблемы характеризуются динамизмом, возникают как объективный фактор развития общества и для… … Википедия

ГЛОБАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ НАРОДОНАСЕЛЕНИЯ - ГЛОБАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ НАРОДОНАСЕЛЕНИЯ, совокупность демографич. проблем современности, затрагивающих интересы всего человечества, от решения к рых зависит дальнейший социальный прогресс в совр. эпоху. Важнейшие Г. п. н., чреватые наиболее… … Демографический энциклопедический словарь

ГЛОБАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ - (от лат. globus (terrae) земной шар) совокупность жизненно важных проблем, затрагивающих человечество в целом и неразрешимых в рамках отдельных гос в и даже географических регионов. Г.п. вышли на первый план в 20 в. в результате существенного… … Философская энциклопедия

Глобальные проблемы - проблемы современности в масштабах планеты в целом: угроза возникновения войны (вследствие усиливающейся гонки вооружений); разрушение среды обитания человека и исчерпание природных ресурсов (как последствия неуправляемого… … Терминологический словарь библиотекаря по социально-экономической тематике

ГЛОБАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСТВА - (лат. globus шар) противоречия и проблемы, характеризующиеся общепланетарными масштабами проявления, большой остротой и динамизмом. Современная политическая наука относит к глобальным проблемы, выступающие в качестве важнейшего фактора развития… … Политологический словарь-справочник

ГЛОБАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ - область философских исследований, в которой определяются предпосылки решения глобальных проблем современности, анализируются философские аспекты социального, демографического, экологического прогнозирования, поисков путей перестройки мирового… … Современная западная философия. Энциклопедический словарь

Книги

• Глобальные проблемы современности в историческом масштабе Учебное пособие , Шульман М. , Щербакова Н. , Значимость изучения глобальных проблем современности в историческом масштабе обусловлена возрастанием их роли во всех сферах жизни современного общества, а также необходимостью поиска средств… Категория: Общие вопросы Купить за 1452 руб
• Глобальные проблемы современности. Учебное пособие , Захарова Ольга Владимировна , Учебное пособие посвящено кризисным явлениям современного мира - глобальным проблемам. Раскрываются причины возникновения глобальных проблем современности, описывается реакция философов и… Категория: Учебники для ВУЗов Издатель:

Test 16

Глобальные проблемы современности

Раздел 2. (задания по чтению)

1. Limited natural resources
2. Unequal financial resources
3. Our obligation before future
4. Against the east
5. Nuclear weapons
6. Climate change
7. Religious world of today
8. Women’s rights

A. The earth is ours to use as we please without regard for the future, for our children, for the earth itself. We must reassume our historical responsibility for our children’s future by protecting their heritage. The reckless anarchy of the exploitation of the earth must be replaced by responsible dialogue among the users, and among the governments of the earth. At present, we have a gathering of the Big 7 or 8 on how to manage the world to their own advantage. Such a dialogue, however, brings up questions of justice and fairness in the allocation of the resources of the earth. A new protocol must be worked out whereby the universal declaration of human rights is more than a God’s wish-list that is lost in the fight of big corporations to use the resources of the earth.

B. The oil, the water, the old growth forests are all limited resources. They must be conserved for the most important future uses. Oil is necessary for the operation of all sorts of machinery, yet it is not being conserved but endlessly pumped out of the earth and sold to the highest prices. Drinkable water, too, is increasing rare; indeed, it is sold in stores for the same price of colas. But underground water is needed for crops, and the underwater reserves are running out. Here, national and international management are required.

C. We are faced with the problem of Global Terrorism which has been called the shadow of the process of Globalization. As the world is becoming one place, so it is that the effects of terrorism have global effects. Also it may be understood that the causes of this global terrorism are likewise global in nature, with disaffected individuals and groups caught up in ideologies of global scope and participating in causes that go beyond international and even inter-continental barriers. We see this particularly in the Muslim world, where issues in Palestine, Bosnia, Afghanistan or Iraq can mobilize people on the other side of the world to want to make interventions.

D. Global poverty and hunger are increasing each year instead of decreasing. The agricultural land of the earth is owned by fewer and fewer people. Much of what is left in the hands of small farmers is being bought up by international agribusinesses - by multinational corporations distant from land but close to big money. The big oil, the pharmaceutical companies, the media conglomerates, the insurance companies, including medical insurance have more influence on government policies than the poor or even the general population. Government policies seem more oriented to maintaining the economy than in the economic and physical well-being of their populations.

E. Another major problem that looms on the horizon and one that probably is already upon us and exerting its effects, is the phenomenon of Global Warming. It can be argued endlessly whether Global Warming is man-made or whether it’s a natural phenomenon, however the empirical evidence certainly shows that Global Warming is indeed occurring. This is made manifest in the melting glaciers and polar ice caps, the increase in hurricane activity (with category 4 and 5 hurricanes, the most intense, doubling in frequency over the past 50 years), changing rainfall patterns and of course the actual increases in measured surface temperatures.

F. It seems that the danger posed by an arsenal of 50,000 missiles in Russian and America is less today than 15 or 20 years ago when Jonathan Schell’s The Fate of the Earth saw catastrophe on the horizon and a real possibility of giving the earth back to the insects and grasses. The cold war between Russia and the U.S. has thawed, but the proliferation of weapons goes on, and the growing masses of nuclear waste. Why? Because the military ways of thinking go on, the national security imperative still drives small countries to spend most of their small budget on weapons instead of social programs. We need to outgrow the dangerous and costly structures of thinking that are our legacy from modernity. Instead of endless debates, we need dialogue and negotiations-not just in Ireland, Russia, East Timor, Pakistan, the Balkans, the Middle East-but in the United Nations about the natural resources, power concentrations, poverty, human rights of the populations of the world.

G. The UN system continues to give particular attention to the issue of violence against women. The 1993 General Assembly Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women contained “a clear and comprehensive definition of violence against women and a clear statement of the rights to be applied to ensure the elimination of violence against women in all its forms”. It represented “a commitment by States in respect of their responsibilities, and a commitment by the international community at large to the elimination of violence against women”.

Peter the Great

Born in Moscow, Russia on June 9, 1672, Peter the Great was a Russian czar in the late 17th

Simple Solutions to Global Problems

What if the answers to global crises - from devastating hurricanes to the malaria epidemic to global warming - were simple and relatively inexpensive?

Journalist Stephen Dubner and economist Steven Levitt, the authors of "SuperFreakonomics," say that throughout history, ’cheap and simple fixes’ often solved the world’s biggest problems.

Take the medical crisis that more than 50 years ago frightened every American child and nearly broke the American health care system. The problem was polio, and the solution was not more hospitals or more efficient iron lungs that would make breathing easier. The answer was a vaccine.

“Polio’s just one of thousands of examples like that, where a simple solution will prevent so much heartache going down the road,” Dubner said.

The "SuperFreakonomics" duo argue that it"s no different in modern times. “We love to think the world is terrible and difficult, and that it’s much worse now than it’s ever been. But the fact of the matter is that’s almost always wrong” Dubner said. “The world is actually better now than it ever was and all the unsolvable problems that appear keep getting solved.”

Intellectual Ventures, a company in Bellevue, Wash., has been in the business of solving global problems since 2000. The self-proclaimed invention company uses inventions from some of the smartest scientists, mathematicians, software engineers and patent experts in the world, including Nathan Myhrvold, the former chief technology officer at Microsoft.

“Our only job is to invent. And so we try to swing for the fences and try to solve really big problems. And sometimes we do!” Myhrvold said.

Although their ideas are sometimes strange and outrageous, Intellectual Ventures currently ranks in the top 50 among companies that file patents worldwide. Myhrvold said the key components are “simple, and cheap and effective. And when you’re lucky and when things are going all right, you can come up with an idea that’s all of them.”

A 7 The solutions of all global problems are not expensive .

A 8 The American medical system was ruined about fifty years ago.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

A 9 The way out of the polio crisis was vaccine.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

A 10 The solution to the polio crisis was quickly found.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

A 11 Simple solutions may also be used nowadays .

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

A 12 The world has changed for the better as Dubner thinks .

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

A 13 Intellectual Ventures is a big company which always solves global problems.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

A 14 Intellectual Ventures’ ideas are very often odd for common people.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

Раздел 3. (задания по грамматике и лексике)

Раздел 4 (задания по письму)

You have 30 minutes to do this task.

You have received a letter from your English-speaking pen friend Kat.

White a letter to him and answer his 3 questions.

Write 100-120 words. Remember the rules of letter writing.

Ключи

Раздел 2

Задание В3

Задание А7-А14

A7 -2, A8 – 2, A9 – 1, A10 – 3, A11 – 1, A12 – 1, A13 – 2, A14 – 1.

Раздел 3

Задание В4-В12

B4 - to be called, B5 - will happen, B6 – vary, B7 - Earth’s, B8 – technologies, B9 - are also mentioned, B10 – is mainly based, B11 – began, B12 - is largely rejected.

Задания В13-В18

B13 – globalization, B14 – interrelationship, B15 – appearance, B16 – delivery, B17 – existence, B18 – ecological.

Раздел 4

Задание С1

Hello Kat,

It’s nice to get another letter from you. I hope everything is OK. I wonder why you are worried about such global problems as pollution. I guess you are right to think that it is the major problem of today. If we cope at least with this one our world will be much better and cleaner.

As for the laptop you are going to buy I don’t really know which one is better for you as everyone has his own preferences. I find macbook as one of the best makes of all the laptops possible. But it’s up to you to decide which one to choose. Of course, a lot depends on the sum you are going to spend.

Best wishes,

Max.

Прочитайте тексты и установите соответствие между заголовками 1-8 и текстами А-G. Запишите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую букву только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.

Прочитайте текст. Определите, какие из приведенных утверждений А7-А14 соответствуют содержанию текста (1 - True), какие не соответствуют (2 - False) и о чем в тексте не сказано, то есть на основания текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 - Not stated).

Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами. В4-В12 так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию В4-В12.

Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами В13-В18 так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию В13-В18.

Для ответа на задание С1 используйте бланк №2.

При выполнении задания С1 особое внимание обратите на то, что ваши ответы будут оцениваться только по записям, сделанным на бланке №2. Никакие записи черновика не будут учитываться экспертом. Обратите внимание также на необходимость соблюдения указанного объема письма. Письма недостаточного объема, а также часть текста письма, превышающая требуемый объем – не оцениваются.

… I think that pollution is one of the greatest global problems…

You know I want to have some new lap top. Which is better to take? Is there really any reliable laptop at the market? Is it easy to find such alone?